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the ministry of justice (ministério da justiça) department of government of portugal responsible conceive, conduct, execute , assess justice policy defined assembly of republic , government , assure relationship of government courts, public ministry, higher council of magistrates , higher council of administrative , tax courts. part of responsibilities, administers judiciary system, functions include payment of salaries , construction of courthouses. it headed minister of justice, member of portuguese cabinet. on contrary of happens in other countries, portuguese minister of justice not head of public prosecution, not having kind of authority on attorneys of public ministry, independent magistrates.

mind map showing summary apgar score the test done @ 1 , 5 minutes after birth, , may repeated later if score , remains low. scores 7 , above normal, 4 6 low, , 3 , below regarded critically low. a low score on one-minute test may show neonate requires medical attention not indicate long-term problem, particularly if score improves @ five-minute test. apgar score remains below 3 @ later times—such 10, 15, or 30 minutes—may indicate longer-term neurological damage, including small significant increase in risk of cerebral palsy. however, apgar test s purpose determine whether newborn needs immediate medical care. not designed predict long term health issues. a score of 10 uncommon, due prevalence of transient cyanosis, , not substantially differ score of 9. transient cyanosis common, particularly in babies born @ high altitude. study compared babies born in peru near sea level babies born @ high altitude (4340 m) found significant average difference in first apgar score, not second. oxyg

1 regular season 1.1 season standings 1.2 record vs. opponents 1.3 roster regular season august 30, 1910: tom hughes threw have been first no-hitter in new york highlanders history against naps, game tied @ 0–0 after 9 innings. cleveland got first hit in 10th, scored 5 runs in 11th inning beat new york score of 5–0. season standings record vs. opponents roster

the 18th-century artist niccolò bambini painted subject @ least twice. scholars have cited parallels between rape of sabine women, Æsir–vanir war in norse mythology, , mahabharata hindu mythology, providing support proto-indo-european war of functions. regarding these parallels, j. p. mallory states: basically, parallels concern presence of first-(magico-juridical) , second-(warrior) function representatives on victorious side of war subdues , incorporates third function characters, example, sabine women or norse vanir. indeed, iliad has been examined in similar light. ultimate structure of myth, then, 3 estates of proto-indo-european society fused after war between first 2 against third.

^ randall, j.e. & allen, g.r. (2010): 2 new labrid fishes of genus halichoeres east indies. raffles bulletin of zoology, 58 (2): 281–289. ^ victor, b.c. (2016). halichoeres gurrobyi, new labrid fish (teleostei: labridae) mauritius in southwestern indian ocean, review of h. zeylonicus species complex (pdf). journal of ocean science foundation,. 22: 10–27. cs1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) ^ rocha, l.a., pinheiro, h.t. & gasparini, j.l. (2010): description of halichoeres rubrovirens, new species of wrasse (labridae: perciformes) trindade , martin vaz island group, southeastern brazil, preliminary mtdna molecular phylogeny of new world halichoeres. zootaxa, 2422: 22–30. ^ randall, j.e. & king, d.r. (2010): halichoeres zulu, new labrid fish south africa. smithiana bulletin, 11: 17-23.

palace op de dam - seat of amsterdam regent, gerrit berckheyde in 1667 de graeff 1 of sponsors (the other signers de witt, gillis valckenier , gaspar fagel) of perpetual edict, resolution of states of holland in abolished office of stadtholder in province of holland. @ approximately same time majority of provinces in states-general of netherlands agreed declare office of stadtholder (in of provinces) incompatible office of captain general of dutch republic. the republic in dangerous position , war france , england seemed imminent. call return of strong military leader orange family gaining momentum, particularly among commoners. number of amsterdam regents had started realise needed seek rapprochement orangists. put increasing pressure on grand pensionary johan de witts position. in 1670, amsterdamse vroedschap (amsterdam city council) led mayors valckenier , coenraad van beuningen decided enter alliance orangists , offer young prince william iii of orange seat on council of state. c

1 biography 1.1 life 1.2 career 1.3 downfall biography early life moruzov born in zebil, tulcea county, nicolae , maria moruzov; had 4 brothers , 2 sisters. family of russian origin, lipovans or possibly descendants of zaporozhian cossacks. grandfather simion priest, father, served @ russian church in tulcea forty years. he married twice: first wife s family name văraru, , couple had daughter, aurora-florina; after divorced, married teodora săndulescu, professor silistra whom divorced. education limited, delayed permanent appointment intelligence chief (the position demanded university studies): paid daily wage temporary employee. in addition russian, learned @ home, , romanian, knew ukrainian, bulgarian, turkish , tatar (languages spoken in native dobruja , nearby budjak). career from 1917 1919 headed dobruja information , security service, 1924 1940, secret intelligence service of romanian army, instrumental in creating. clandestine work took place amid turbulent backdrop—the socio-e

^ deschner, david (1993). complete films of spencer tracy. citadel press. p. 57.  ^ cite error: named reference fn98n8 invoked never defined (see page). ^ cite error: named reference directorcommentary invoked never defined (see page). ^ carroll, e. jean (march 1982). last of desperadoes: dueling sam peckinpah . rocky mountain magazine.  ^ scott, vernon (20 may 1978). actor lives in fear of snips . lodi news-sentinel. retrieved 20 april 2016.  ^ cincinnati kid opening credits ^ ciaffone, robert. robert s rules of poker — version 6 . pokercoach.us. retrieved 2007-08-04.  ^ cooke, roy (2005-10-04). famous movie poker hand . card player. retrieved 2009-10-20. 

1 transit modes 1.1 metro 1.2 bus services 1.3 taxibus 1.4 paratransit service 1.4.1 current vehicles transit modes metro current map of montreal metro the montreal metro rapid transit system introduced in 1966 in preparation canadian centennial , expo 67 world fair in montreal. instead of traditional steel-wheeled trains, rubber-tired metro, based on technology developed paris métro; montreal s system first in world entirely rubber-tired (as not of paris s lines use tires). metro system canada s busiest subway system in total daily passenger usage; in 201, serving average of 1,235,200 daily passengers on average weekday; figure surpassed of toronto subway , vancouver skytrain. in 2016, 354 million riders (transfers not included) used metro, since opening had transported on 7 billion passengers of 2010, equivalent world s population. bus services inside stm lfs novabus artic. an stm bus on 125 route. the stm bus service operates on 200 bus routes serving number of different markets. th

new netherland fortifications new netherland settlements new holland (acadia) new netherland 1614-1667 - documentary new netherland project translate , publish 17th century dutch documents colony congregation shearith israel, jewish temple founded in colony in 1655 first shearith israel graveyard, remaining 17th century structure in manhattan. dutch american, inhabitant of united states of whole or partial dutch ancestry dutch colonial, architectural revival movement holland society of new york list of english words of dutch origin list of place names of dutch origin

1 california 1.1 davenport 1.2 paramount 1.3 hinkley california davenport monterey bay unified air pollution control district monitored airborne levels of hexavalent chromium @ elementary school , fire department, point-source. concluded there high levels of hexavalent chromium in air, originating local cement plant, called cemex. levels of hexavalent chromium 8 10 times higher air district s acceptable level @ pacific elementary school , davenport fire department. county of santa cruz sought of health services agency (hsa) investigate findings of air district s report. cemex voluntarily ceased operations due growing concern within community, while additional air samples analyzed. hsa worked cemex implement engineering controls, such dust scavenging systems , other dust mitigation procedures. cemex made change in materials used, trying replace current materials materials lower in chromium. hsa monitored surrounding schools determine if there health risks. schools came low levels, in ca

jake gardiner playing wisconsin (2010). in 1966, wisconsin hired badger bob johnson. under johnson, wisconsin offered wcha membership 1969–70 season. in same season badgers received bid ncaa division men s ice hockey tournament. badgers won first national championship @ 1973 frozen four. badger bob s 1977 team 1 of successful date, team swept through wcha tournament , 1977 ncaa tournament. behind efforts of 4 first team all-americans, mike eaves, mark johnson (bob s son), craig norwich , julian baretta, 1977 team won title 6–5 victory in overtime against michigan. despite losing 1 of top players, mark johnson, 1980 american olympic team, badgers reached ncaa title game 3 consecutive times in 1981, 1982, , 1983. winning program s third title in 1981 defeating rival minnesota in championship game 6–3. after again reaching championship game in 1982, badgers lost north dakota, program dealt second blow departure of johnson. later coach in nhl , win stanley cup pittsburgh penguins. left w

sources al-abdulwahab, sami s.; al-gain, salah i. (2003). attitudes of saudi arabian health care professionals towards people physical disabilities (pdf). asia pacific disability rehabilitation journal. 14 (1): 63–70.  aldosari, hara (2 may 2017). effect of gender norms on women s health in saudi arabia . arab gulf states institute in washington.  carvalho, camila fernandes da silva; brito, rosineide santana de; medeiros, soraya maria de (december 2014). contextual analysis of gynaecological care provided women physical disability . revista gaúcha de enfermagem. 35 (4): 114–117. doi:10.1590/1983-1447.2014.04.45335.  chou, yueh-ching; lu, zxy-yann jane; pu, cheng-yun (1 june 2013). menopause experiences , attitudes in women intellectual disability , in family carers . journal of intellectual & developmental disability. 38 (2): 114–123. doi:10.3109/13668250.2013.768763. issn 1366-8250 – via ebscohost. (subscription required (help)).  dormire, sharon; becker, heather (january 200

1 football career 1.1 career 1.2 sheffield wednesday 1.3 halifax town , bury 1.4 hartlepool united 1.5 afc fylde football career early career back in 1995, steve haslam captained england schoolboys team 1–0 victory on brazilian team including ronaldinho. team captained included likes of wes brown, michael ball , michael owen (who scored goal). sheffield wednesday steve started professional football career @ sheffield wednesday, team had supported life. signed trainee in 1996–97 season, big things expected of him made debut in fa premier league, aged 19 on saturday, 8 may 1999 against liverpool @ hillsborough. played game in front of 27,383 fans. result 1–0 victory to, owls . he continued make on 100 appearances , score 2 goals yorkshire club. showing ability play across 4 , in midfield, captained side @ every level including first team. he released club along 12 other players chris turner in 1 of biggest clear out of players club had ever seen @ end of 2003–2004 season before being si

^ cite error: named reference gsp invoked never defined (see page). ^ u. m. chokshi; m. r. trivedi (1991). gujarat state gazetteer. director, government print., stationery , publications, gujarat state. p. 398.  ^ cite error: named reference datta1988 invoked never defined (see page). ^ cite error: named reference vishwakosh invoked never defined (see page).

office of executive vice president , provost. university college: campus descriptions . faculty handbook. penn state university. archived original on 2006-09-10. retrieved 2007-02-10.  bezilla, michael (1985). beyond university park . penn state: illustrated history. archived original on 2007-01-25. retrieved 2007-02-10.  campuses of penn state accessed 23 november 2005

rfa fort victoria both united states , united kingdom used stores ships in war of 1812. in both mexican–american war , in american civil war, captured enemy prizes not considered warlike enough sold prize money became stores ships naval force operating no friendly ports nearby. uss fredonia took part in baja california campaign in mexican–american war. in both spanish–american war , filipino war navy acquired stores ship uss celtic , other similar vessels serve in asiatic squadron.

1 world war ii 1.1 blitz 1.2 middle east 1.3 sicily 1.4 italy world war ii blitz in summer of 1940, along other aa units equipped older 3-inch , newer 3.7-inch aa guns, 55th designated heavy aa regiment. during blitz 55 (kent) haa regt operated part of 28 aa bde guarding thames, chatham , dover in 6 aa division. in june 1941, 308 bty left regiment, , later served in west africa. newly formed 418 bty joined in july. in autumn of 1941 regiment left 28 aa bde (leaving behind 418 bty, joined 59th (essex regiment) haa rgt) , briefly joined 34th (south midland) aa bde covering birmingham , coventry in 11th aa division. left aa command , became part of war office reserve. middle east the regiment left uk in september 1942 , went sea via cape town iraq, in november joined paiforce (ghq persia , iraq). 55 haa regiment left iraq in april 1943 move north africa, came under command of middle east forces. sicily in july 1943 regiment assigned 15th army group allied invasion of sicily. initial lan

1 production 1.1 script 1.2 casting 1.3 filming production script after making entertainers china town (1962), ek raaz (1963), kashmir ki kali (1964), sawan ki ghata (1966) , evening in paris (1967) through 1960s, aradhana (1969) , kati patang (1971), samanta had entered phase of emotional dramas in career. nishi padma (night flower, 1970), nightflowering-jasmine, made arabinda mukherjee uttam kumar , sabitri chatterjee leads. when samanta saw film, impressed performance of uttam kumar, decided remake it. decided make changes in script. original film based on bengali short story hinger kochuri, written bibhutibhushan bandopadhyay, . title derives name typical bengali late afternoon snack, kachori, made of fried dough stuffed lentils, , hing (asafoetida). the story first published in bandopadhyay s short story collection, galpa panchashat (fifty stories, 1956). stories had been adapted satyajit ray pather panchali (1955) , apu trilogy. shakti samanta asked mukherjee wrote nishi padma s

the western australia police pipe band @ bridge of allan highland games in scotland some aspects of scottish culture can found in australia: bagpiping , pipe bands. burns supper ceilidhs hogmanay, scottish new year presbyterianism - majority of scottish settlers presbyterian, roman catholic or episcopalian. tartan, regions of australia have own tartan. tartan day, in australia, falls on 1 july, date of repeal proclamation in 1792 of act of proscription banned wearing of scottish national dress. highland gatherings highland gatherings popular in australia. notable gatherings include: bundanoon, new south wales established in 1976, claimed 1 of largest highland gatherings in southern hemisphere, , biggest in australia. maclean, new south wales first held in 1904. gathering attracts pipe bands on australia , includes massed bands, dancing , street parade. maryborough, victoria held since 1857 on new year s day scottish schools the scots in australia started number of schools, of state run

anzac day parade in melbourne, 25 april 2013 a steady rate of scottish immigration continued 20th century, substantial numbers of scots continuing arrive after 1945. between 1910 , 1914, around 9000 scots arrived each year, , in 1921 scottish population of australia 109,000. due economic decline in scotland after first world war, there over-representation of scots among british migrants australia during interwar period, , 1933 there 132,000 scottish migrants living in australia. by 1920s , 1930s, majority of scottish migrants in australia living in victoria , new south wales. urban working-class background of many british migrants australia in 20th century meant scots settle in industrial portside suburbs, in melbourne , sydney, made notable contributions shipbuilding industry. in late-19th , early-20th century, scottish-born workers had significant influence in labour movement, , played key roles in trade unions , australian labor party, becoming leaders in communist party of australi

since death of king john in 1222, sweden in de facto state of civil war until 1248 when birger jarl managed seize power in kingdom. unrest due struggle between wanted keep old tribal structure, folkung party, , king, assisted church. folkungs, uppland, heavily resisted centralization of power, taxation of swedes of uppland, , church privileges. had temporarily succeeded in deposing king in 1229, forced give in 5 years later, far defeated yet. uppland remained largely independent of king, , northern areas continued in folkung hands. uneasy truce continued until 1247, when folkung rebellion put end @ battle of sparrsätra , leader beheaded year later. furthermore, official sweden on brink of war norway ever since norwegians infamous värmland expedition in 1225. relations improved after treaty of lödöse in 1249, forged newly empowered birger jarl. before treaty, norway remained ally of folkungs, giving them refuge , providing men , arms. in situation, seems unlikely sweden have been able

detail the golden angel curve-shaped , edges rounded. technology of layered facade allows vary building appearance during daytime. glassed facades bear passages writings of notable authors had been creating in prague: jiří orten, konstantin biebl, franz kafka, guillaume apollinaire, rainer maria rilke , gustav meyrink. picture of angel-protector, inspired wim wenders film wings of desire, looks down upon golden angel crossroads, floating among clouds. a unique technology has been developed portraying clouds , angel. graphics printed on advert foil , cut millimetre-sized dots, stuck onto facade in density of 80,000/m2. number of dots on complex reaching 150 millions; printing , cutting process ran uninterruptedly on 7 months.

1 magadha dynasties 1.1 pradyota dynasty (c. 779 bce–544 bce) 1.2 haryanka dynasty (c. 544 bce–413 bce) 1.3 shishunaga dynasty (c. 413 bce–345 bce) 1.4 nanda dynasty (c. 345 bce–321 bce) 1.5 maurya dynasty (c. 321 bce–185 bce) 1.6 shunga dynasty (c. 185 bce–73 bce) 1.7 kanva dynasty (c. 73 bce–26 bce) 1.8 gupta dynasty (c. 240–550 ce) magadha dynasties this list includes legendary kings of magadha. dharma sunita satyajit biswajit ripunjaya pradyota dynasty (c. 779 bce–544 bce) pradyota palaka visakhayupa ajaka varttivarddhana haryanka dynasty (c. 544 bce–413 bce) bimbisara (558–491 bce), founder of first magadhan empire ajatashatru (491–461 bce) udayin anirudha munda darshaka (from 461 bce) nāgadāsaka (last ruler of haryanka dynasty) shishunaga dynasty (c. 413 bce–345 bce) shishunaga (412–395 bce), established magadha kingdom kakdeddd kshemadharman kshatraujas nandivardhana mahanandin (until 345 bce), empire inherited illegitimate son mahapadma nanda nanda dynasty (c. 345 bce–321 bce)

1 world war i 1.1 order of battle, august 1914 1.2 order of battle, november 1914 1.3 order of battle, late april 1915 1.4 order of battle, late summer 1915, january 1916 1.5 order of battle, august 1916, december 1916 1.6 order of battle, august 1917 1.7 order of battle, january 1918, june 1918 1.8 order of battle, january 1918, june 1918 1.9 order of battle, september 1918 world war i order of battle, august 1914 in august 1914, corps structured follows: viii corps (syria) 25th division, 27th division order of battle, november 1914 in november 1914, corps structured follows: viii corps (syria) 23rd division, 25th division, 27th division order of battle, late april 1915 in late april 1915, corps structured follows: viii corps (syria) 8th division, 10th division, 23rd division, 25th division, 27th division order of battle, late summer 1915, january 1916 in late summer 1915, january 1916, corps structured follows: viii corps (syria-palestine) 23rd division, 24th division, 27th division

1 transportation 1.1 railroad 1.2 highways 1.3 air transportation by railroad nawabshah railway junction for: by highways by air nawabshah airport centered on old (raf) royal air force world war ii base, being used commercial flights pakistan international airlines (pia), air blue, shaheen air , other local airline services. alternative karachi international airport. nowadays commercial flights suspended.

1 background 1.1 origin (1996–2002) 1.2 career (2003–2004) 1.3 versions, beyond , mainstream success (2005–2008) 1.4 departure of juris fernandez, new label , lineup changes (2009–2010) 1.5 2011–present background origin (1996–2002) jacques chin alcantara founded band in late 1996. chin s elder brother, julius, gave band name tribute departed mother, cardiologist dr. stella lopez-alcantara, died of complications breast cancer. back when formed, make momma proud four-man rock band arsenal included jimi hendrix, doors and, alcantara adds, little mr. big. still student @ miriam college then, taking communication arts, major in advertising. mom played piano didn’t see me play professionally—she did see me start out , alcantara said. in year after mother died, alcantara took guitar and, in words, got obsessed , that’s when knew wanted musician. alcantara persuaded father attend classical guitar tutoring, stopped after month. the peak of m.y.m.p. s amateur days when won 1996 national ch

drake appeared have made decision before recording third album plain possible , free of numerous guest musicians had been employed on bryter layter. in autobiography joe boyd, producer of drake s first 2 albums, remembered finishing recording of bryter layter drake had told him wanted make next record alone, , in interview, published in sounds magazine in march 1971, drake told interviewer jerry gilbert next [album] had idea of doing john wood, engineer @ sound techniques . after brief hiatus in spain spent @ villa belonging island records head, chris blackwell, drake returned london refreshed, , in october 1971 approached record engineer , producer john wood. wood had worked drake on previous 2 albums , 1 of few people drake felt trust. wood has worked other artists such fairport convention, cat stevens, , pink floyd, , worked in partnership record producer joe boyd. boyd produced drake s first 2 albums wood acting sound engineer. although wood focused on engineering of album, contr

a sanderson hand camera dating circa 1899 monorail camera - common type of studio view camera, front , rear standards mounted single rail fixed camera support. design gives greatest range of movements , flexibility, both front , rear standards able tilt, shift, rise, fall, , swing in similar proportion. these made of metal leather or synthetic bellows, , difficult pack travel. sinar , toyo popular manufacturers of monorail view camera systems. arca-swiss produces monorail cameras field use in addition models more conventional studio applications. many manufacturers offer monorail extensions move front or rear standards farther away each other facilitate focusing on close objects (macrophotography). field camera - these have front , rear standard mounted on sliding rails fixed hinged flat bed can attached camera support, such tripod. these cameras made of wood, or lightweight , strong composites such carbon fiber. bellows retracted, flat bed folds up, reducing camera relatively small,

motel postcard displaying united motor courts badge united motor courts, founded 1933 group of motel owners in southwestern us, published guidebook until 1950s; met standards advertised name on signs , motel postcards. splinter of group established quality courts united (1939, forty motels in eastern us) because of difficulties in removing existing properties large , inclusive united motor courts network when failed upgrade , modernize. best western motels (1947) founded similar referral chain of independent western motels. other referral chains included superior courts united (1950, renamed superior motel in 1964, last membership renewals 1979) four-leaf clover logo ( travel superior courts united inc. , sure! ) graced on 500 motels (mostly on atlantic coast) in mid-1960s. quality courts converted franchise operation in 1963, ending long-running cross-promotion in best western (a western referral chain) , quality courts (originally eastern referral chain) largely marketed together

letter chairman khrushchev president kennedy, october 26, 1962 on october 26 @ 6:00 pm edt, state department started receiving message appeared written khrushchev. saturday @ 2:00 am in moscow. long letter took several minutes arrive, , took translators additional time translate , transcribe it. robert f. kennedy described letter long , emotional. khrushchev reiterated basic outline had been stated scali earlier in day: propose: we, our part, declare our ships bound cuba not carrying armaments. declare united states not invade cuba troops , not support other forces might intend invade cuba. necessity of presence of our military specialists in cuba disappear. @ 6:45 pm edt, news of fomin s offer scali heard , interpreted set arrival of khrushchev s letter. letter considered official , accurate although later learned fomin operating of own accord without official backing. additional study of letter ordered , continued night. crisis continues direct aggression against cuba mean nucl

1 life 1.1 origins 1.2 military career 1.3 death life origins marcellinus said have been of birth , character , had education, devout pagan, , alleged have been skilled soothsayer. patron of culture , friend of philosopher sallustius. nothing known of marcellinus in life; records first mention name in 454 when rebelled against western emperor valentinian iii following murder , assassination of flavius aëtius friend. in dalmatia @ time , believed have held title of comes rei militaris according fasti. powerful enough seize control of dalmatia himself , presumably able because commander of troops there. appears have remained ruler of dalmatia down 468 , have preserved independence except briefly accepting authority of emperors majorian , anthemius. sources claim ruled justly , , kept dalmatia independent of emperor , of barbarian rulers. military career during dying days of western half of empire there remained 4 main players participated in power games revolving around throne; eastern r

1 further reading 1.1 reference books 1.2 surveys 1.3 since 1940 1.4 activism , urban culture 1.5 historiography , teaching 1.6 primary sources further reading reference books earle, jonathan, , malcolm swanston. routledge atlas of african american history (2000) excerpt , text search finkelman, paul, ed. encyclopedia of african american history, 1619–1895: colonial period age of frederick douglass (3 vol 2006) finkelman, paul, ed. encyclopedia of african american history, 1896 present: age of segregation twenty-first century (5 vol 2009) excerpt , text search hine, darlene clark, rosalyn terborg-penn , elsa barkley brown, eds. black women in america - historical encyclopedia (2005) excerpt , text search lowery, charles d. , john f. marszalek, eds. encyclopedia of african-american civil rights: emancipation present (1992) online edition palmer, colin a. ed. encyclopedia of african american culture , history: black experience in americas (6 vols, 2005) richardson, christopher m.; ralph

stormy weather (1943) (starring lena horne, bill bojangles robinson , cab calloway s band), along cabin in sky (1943) (starring ethel waters, eddie rochester anderson, lena horne , louis stachmo armstrong), , other musicals of 1940s opened new roles blacks in hollywood. broke through old stereotypes , far surpassed limited, poorly paid roles available in race films produced all-black audiences.

^ august meier, booker t. washington , negro press: special reference colored american magazine. journal of negro history (1953): 67-90. in jstor ^ robert norrell, history: life of booker t. washington (harvard university press, 2009). ^ rupert vance, 20th-century south viewed english-speaking travelers, 1900-1955 in thomas d. clark, ed., travels in new south: bibliography (vol 2, 1962) p 18

1 history 1.1 origins of army aviation 1.2 birth of army aviation (1942) 1.3 “america’s helicopter war” began in vietnam (1961) 1.4 birth of army aviation branch (april 1983) history origins of army aviation army aviation traces origins american civil war. both union , confederate forces used hydrogen-filled balloons direct artillery fire, marking beginning of u.s. military aeronautics , of aerial support of army ground forces. army used balloons during spanish–american war , world war i, airplanes replaced balloons military purposes during latter conflict. while not part of present army aviation branch s heritage, united states military aviation began in 1907 army’s acquisition of first heavier-than-air aircraft, airplane built army specifications wright brothers. during world war i, air service s aircraft strength grew few dozen more 11,000 planes, , number of aviation personnel came total more 190,000. army air service created in may 1918. after world war i, general william mitchell