Applications Lanthanide probes

1 applications

1.1 cancer research
1.2 ph probes
1.3 hydrogen peroxide sensor
1.4 estimating molecule size , atom distances
1.5 protein conformation
1.6 virology
1.7 medical imaging
1.8 biology - receptor-ligand interactions

applications
cancer research

screening tools development of new cancer therapies in high demand worldwide , require determination of enzyme kinetics. high sensitivity of lanthanide luminescence, particularly of time-resolved luminescence has revealed ideal candidate purpose. there several ways of conducting analysis use of fluorogenic enzyme substrates, substrates bearing donor/acceptor groups allowing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) , immunoassays. example, guanine nucleotide binding proteins consist of several subunits, 1 of comprises of ras subfamily. ras gtpases act binary switches converting guadenosine triphosphate (gtp) guadenosine diphosphate (gdp). luminescence of tb(iii) complex norfloxacin sensitive determine concentration of phosphate released gtp gdp transformation.

ph probes

protonation of basic sites in systems comprising chromophore , luminescent metal center leads way ph sensors. proposed systems based on pyridine derivatives these not stable in water. more robust sensors have been proposed in core substituted macrocycle bearing phosphinate, carboxylate or 4 amide coordinating groups. has been observed lanthanide luminescent probe emission increases six-fold when decreasing ph of solution 6 two.

hydrogen peroxide sensor

hydrogen peroxide can detected high sensitivity luminescence of lanthanide probes—however @ relatively high ph values. lanthanide-based analytical procedure proposed in 2002 based on finding europium complex various tetracyclines binds hydrogen peroxide forming luminescent complex.

estimating molecule size , atom distances

fret in lanthanide probes used technique measure distance between 2 points separated approximately 15–100 angstrom. measurements can done under physiological conditions in vitro genetically encoded dyes, , in vivo well. technique relies on distant- dependent transfer of energy donor fluorophore acceptor dye. lanthanide probes has been used study dna-protein interactions (using terbium chelate complex) measure distances in dna complexes bent cap protein.

protein conformation

lanthanide probes have been used detect conformational changes in proteins. shaker potassium ion channel, voltage-gated channel involved in nerve impulses measured using technique. scientist have used lanthanide based luminescence resonance energy transfer (lret) similar fret study conformational changes in rna polymerase upon binding dna , transcription initiation in prokaryotes. lret used study interaction of proteins dystrophin , actin in muscle cells. dystrophin present in inner muscle cell membrane , believed stabilize muscle fibers binding actin filaments. labelled dystrophin tb labelled monoclonal antibodies labeled used.

virology

traditional virus diagnostic procedures being replaced sensitive immunoassays lanthanides. time resolved fluorescence based technique applicable , performance has been tested in assay of viral antigens in clinical specimens.

medical imaging

several systems have been proposed combine mri capability lanthanides probes in dual assays. luminescent probe may instance serve localize mri contrast agent. has helped visualize delivery of nucleic acids cultured cells. should noted in case lanthanides not used fluorescence magnetic qualities.

biology - receptor-ligand interactions

lanthanide probes displays unique fluorescence properties, including long lifetime of fluorescence, large stokes shift , narrow emission peak. these properties highly advantageous develop analytical probes receptor-ligand interactions. many lanthanide-based fluorescence studies have been developed gpcrs, including cxcr1, insulin-like family peptide receptor 2, protease-activated receptor 2, β2-adrenergic receptor , c3a receptor.