Development New Netherland

1 development

1.1 chartered trading companies
1.2 pre-colonial population
1.3 settlement
1.4 north river , manhattans
1.5 kieft s war , remonstrance of new netherland
1.6 director-general of new netherland

development
chartered trading companies

the west india house in amsterdam, headquarters of dutch west india company 1623 1647



the storehouse of dutch west india company in amsterdam, built in 1642, became headquarters of board in 1647 because of financial difficulties after loss of dutch brazil.

the immediate , intense competition among dutch trading companies in newly charted areas (especially in new york bay , along hudson river) led disputes in amsterdam , calls regulation. states general governing body of republic of 7 united netherlands, , proclaimed on march 17, 1614 grant exclusive patent trade between 40th , 45th parallels. monopoly valid 4 voyages, of had undertaken within 3 years after awarded. block s map , report accompanied used new netherland company (a newly formed alliance of trading companies) win patent, expired on january 1, 1618.

the new netherland company ordered survey of delaware valley. undertaken cornelis hendricksz of monnickendam explored zuyd rivier (literally south river, today known delaware river) in 1616 bay northernmost navigable reaches. observations preserved in map drawn in 1616. hendricksz s voyages made aboard ijseren vercken (iron hog), vessel built in america. despite survey, company unable secure exclusive patent states general area between 38th , 40th parallels.

the states general issued patents in 1614 development of new netherland private, commercial venture. thereafter, traders built fort nassau on castle island in area of present-day albany hudson s river. fort defend river traffic against interlopers , conduct fur trading operations natives. location of fort proved impractical, however, due repeated flooding of island in summers; abandoned in 1618, coincided patent s expiration.

the dutch west india company (wic) (geoctroyeerde westindische compagnie) granted charter republic of 7 united netherlands on june 3, 1621. given exclusive right operate in west africa (between tropic of cancer , cape of hope) , americas. in new netherland, profit made north american fur trade.

among founders of wic willem usselincx. between 1600 , 1606, had promoted concept main goal of company should establishing colonies in new world. in 1620, usselincx made last appeal states general, rejected principal vision primary goal. legislators preferred formula of trading posts small populations , military presence protect them, working in east indies, on encouraging mass immigration , establishing large colonies. company did not focus on colonization in north america until 1654, when forced surrender dutch brazil , forfeit richest sugar-producing area in world.

pre-colonial population

the first trading partners of new netherlanders algonquian lived in area. dutch depended on indigenous population capture, skin, , deliver pelts them, beaver. hudson s peaceful contact local mahicans encouraged them establish fort nassau in 1614, first of many garrisoned trading stations built. in 1628, mohawks (members of iroquois confederacy) conquered mahicans, retreated connecticut. mohawks gained near-monopoly in fur trade dutch, controlled upstate adirondacks , mohawk valley through center of new york.

the algonquian lenape population around new york bay , along lower hudson seasonally migrational people. dutch called numerous tribes collectively river indians, known exonyms wecquaesgeek, hackensack, raritan, canarsee, , tappan. these groups had frequent contact new netherlanders. munsee inhabited highlands, hudson valley, , northern new jersey, while minquas (called susquehannocks english) lived west of zuyd rivier along , beyond susquehanna river, dutch regarded boundary virginia.

company policy required land purchased indigenous peoples. wic offer land patent, recipient of responsible negotiating deal representatives of local population, sachem or high chief. dutch (referred natives swannekins, or salt water people) , wilden (as dutch called natives) had vastly different conceptions of ownership , use of land—so did not understand each other @ all. dutch thought proffer of gifts in form of sewant or manufactured goods trade agreement , defense alliance, gave them exclusive rights farming, hunting, , fishing. often, indians did not vacate property, or reappeared seasonally, according migration patterns. willing share land europeans, indians did not intend leave or give access. misunderstanding , other differences led violent conflict later. @ same time, such differences marked beginnings of multicultural society.

early settlement



map showing area claimed dutch in north-america , several dutch settlements

like french in north, dutch focused interest on fur trade. end, cultivated contingent relations 5 nations of iroquois procure greater access key central regions skins came.

the dutch encouraged kind of feudal aristocracy on time, attract settlers region of hudson river, in became known system of charter of freedoms , exemptions. further south, swedish trading company had ties dutch tried establish first settlement along delaware river 3 years later. without resources consolidate position, new sweden gradually absorbed new holland , later in pennsylvania , delaware.

the earliest dutch settlement built around 1613, , consisted of number of small huts built crew of tijger (tiger), dutch ship under command of captain adriaen block, had caught fire while sailing on hudson. after, first of 2 fort nassaus built, , small factorijen or trading posts went up, commerce conducted algonquian , iroquois population, possibly @ schenectady, esopus, quinnipiac, communipaw, , elsewhere.

in 1617, dutch colonists built fort @ confluence of hudson , mohawk rivers albany stands. in 1624, new netherland became province of dutch republic, had lowered northern border of north american dominion 42 degrees latitude in acknowledgment of claim english north of cape cod. dutch named 3 main rivers of province zuyd rivier (south river), noort rivier (north river), , versche rivier (fresh river). discovery, charting, , permanent settlement needed maintain territorial claim. end in may 1624, voc landed 30 families @ fort orange , noten eylant (today s governors island) @ mouth of north river. disembarked ship new netherland, under command of cornelis jacobsz may, first director of new netherland. replaced following year willem verhulst.

in june 1625, 45 additional colonists disembarked on noten eylant 3 ships named horse, cow, , sheep, delivered 103 horses, steers, cows, pigs, , sheep. settlers dispersed various garrisons built across territory: upstream fort orange, kievets hoek on fresh river, , fort wilhelmus on south river. many of settlers not dutch walloons, french huguenots, or africans (most enslaved labor, later gaining half-free status).

north river , manhattans



map (c. 1639), manhattan situated on north river (north arrow pointing right)

peter minuit became director of new netherland in 1626 , made decision affected new colony. originally, capital of province located on south river, realized location susceptible mosquito infestation in summer , freezing of waterways in winter. chose instead island of manhattan @ mouth of river explored hudson, @ time called north river.

minuit traded goods local population, in 1 of legendary real estate deals ever made, , reported had purchased natives, company policy. ordered construction of fort amsterdam @ southern tip, around grew heart of province called manhattoes in vernacular of day, rather new netherland.

the port city of new amsterdam outside walls of fort became major hub trade between north america, caribbean, , europe, , place raw materials loaded, such pelts, lumber, , tobacco. sanctioned privateering contributed growth. given municipal charter in 1653, time commonality of new amsterdam included isle of manhattan, staaten eylandt, pavonia, , lange eylandt towns.

in hope of encouraging immigration, dutch west india company established charter of freedoms , exemptions in 1629, gave power offer vast land grants , title of patroon of invested members. vast tracts called patroonships, , title came powerful manorial rights , privileges, such creation of civil , criminal courts , appointing of local officials. in return, patroon required company establish settlement of @ least 50 families within 4 years live tenant farmers. of original 5 patents given, largest , successful endeavour rensselaerswyck, @ highest navigable point on north river, became main thoroughfare of province. beverwijck grew trading post bustling, independent town in midst of rensselaerwyck, did wiltwyck, south of patroonship in esopus country.

kieft s war , remonstrance of new netherland

willem kieft director new netherland 1638 until 1647. colony had grown before arrival did not flourish, , kieft under pressure cut costs. @ time, large number of indian tribes had signed mutual defense treaties dutch gathering near colony due widespread warfare , dislocation among tribes north. @ first, suggested collecting tribute indians, common among various dominant tribes, demands ignored tappan , wecquaesgeek. subsequently, colonist murdered in act of revenge killings had taken place years earlier , indians refused turn on perpetrator. kieft suggested taught lesson ransacking villages. in attempt gain public support, created citizens commission council of twelve men.

they did not rubber-stamp ideas, had expected them to, took opportunity mention grievances had company s mismanagement , unresponsiveness suggestions. kieft thanked , disbanded them and, against advice, ordered groups of tappan , wecquaesgeekbe attacked @ pavonia , corlear s hook, though had sought refuge more powerful mahican enemies per treaty understandings dutch. massacre left 130 dead. within days, surrounding tribes united , rampaged countryside, in unique move, forcing settlers escaped find safety @ fort amsterdam. 2 years, series of raids , reprisals raged across province, until 1645 when kieft s war ended treaty, in large part brokered hackensack sagamore oratam.

the colonists disenchanted previous governor, ignorance of indigenous peoples, , unresponsiveness of wic rights , requests, , submitted remonstrance of new netherland states general. document written leiden-educated new netherland lawyer adriaen van der donck, condemning voc mismanagement , demanding full rights citizens of province of netherlands.

director-general of new netherland

st. mark s church in-the-bowery, site of stuyvesant s grave

petrus stuyvesant arrived in new amsterdam in 1647, governor of colony called director-general. years earlier land ownership policy liberalized , trading deregulated, , many new netherlanders considered entrepreneurs in free market.

during period of governorship, province experienced exponential growth. demands made upon stuyvesant sides: west india company, states general, , new netherlanders. dutch territory being nibbled @ english north , swedes south, while in heart of province esopus trying contain further dutch expansion. discontent in new amsterdam led locals dispatch adriaen van der donck united provinces seek redress. after 3 years of legal , political wrangling, dutch government came down against voc, granting colony measure of self-government , recalling stuyvesant in april 1652. however, orders rescinded outbreak of first anglo-dutch war month later. military battles occurring in caribbean , along south atlantic coast. in 1654, netherlands lost new holland in brazil portuguese, encouraging of residents emigrate north , making north american colonies more appealing investors. esopus wars named branch of lenape lived around wiltwijck, dutch settlement on west bank of hudson river between beverwyk , new amsterdam. these conflicts on settlement of land new netherlanders contracts had not been clarified, , seen natives unwanted incursion territory. previously, esopus, clan of munsee lenape, had less contact river indians , mohawks.

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